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Figure 1. Works to repair CPR trestle bridge over the East Don River in Scarborough, August 2015 (left). The dozens closest to the ground sills—the horizontal crossbars connecting and keeping in place vertical posts (legs), i.e., providing the structural integrity of the entire bridge—corroded to such a degree as July 2014 that they became unacceptable to be even called scrap; the metal became a sort of dry rot that can be broken by a fingernail (right); in addition, a large percentage of anchor bolts either significantly or totally rusted out, or their nuts loosened and disappeared, and hundreds of rivets supposed to hold all components of the structure together broke and fell on the ground. Moreover, most bridge piers had wide and long cracks and deteriorated basement. Still, in September 2014, the bridge was officially found safe for further use by “responsible engineers” of CPR and “professional engineers” of Transport Canada Regional Railway Works. Did the engineers ever see the bridge and its parts? The overly rusted bridge cannot look good and safe even for someone without an engineering background. (Note: Daily, dozens of long and heavy freight trains pass the bridge, and dozens of VIA and GO passenger trains pass under this bridge. It means that the bridge and most likely hundreds if not thousands of other bridges in the country, especially those built more than 100 years ago, represent a daily threat to tens of thousands of people.)

The 280-m (920-ft.) long Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) trestle bridge at mile 203.46 of the Belleville Subdivision in Scarborough (now an eastern district of Toronto) was constructed before 1875. About 20 years later, a decision was made to double-track, and the second track was soon laid. In the 1920s, the bridge was upgraded for larger train engines. The bridge stretches about 40 m (130 ft.) above the East Don River and East Don Trail and 30 m (100 ft.) above the Richmond Hill GO Transit and VIA Rail line. It is hidden from any road and mostly isolated from public view.

 

  • Shipilov conducted the initial inspection of the trestle bridge in May and October 2012.

  • In May 2014, shortly after receiving the results of his completed inspection in February 2014, the Toronto City Council formally requested that copies of all structural safety reports for each CPR bridge within the City’s boundaries be released.

  • In June 2014, after Shipilov confirmed that two Canadian National (CN) Railway bridges at miles 8.5 and 8.8 of the Bala Subdivision also seriously corroded, a working group on “Dangerous Railway Cargo and Measures to Improve Community Safety” was formed by the Toronto City Council. CPR and CN Railways were requested to provide the City Council with State of Good Repair information on all their infrastructure within the City of Toronto.

    • The two CN bridges were built around the turn of the 20th century. They are also hidden from view from any road. While the bridges are off-limits to pedestrians, the area near one bridge (Figure 2) offers a hiking trail and other summer activities. Importantly, VIA Rail and GO Transit trains, operating intercity passenger rail services across the country (VIA) and the Greater Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario (GO), pass the bridges multiple times daily.

  • On July 29, 2014, Shipilov presented a report, “Corrosion and Structural Integrity of the CPR Trestle Bridge and Two CN Bridges Over the East Don River in Scarborough,” to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.

    • A report copy was forwarded to Mr. Kirby Jang, the Director of Investigations (Rail) of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada, who shared the information with The Hon. Lisa Raitt, P.C., M.P., Minister of Transport of Canada on September 5, 2014

  • On April 16, 2015, the importance of the work made by Shipilov was acknowledged by Minister Raitt. Moreover, at Raitt’s request, extensive repairs to the bridges began in May 2015.

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Figure 2. The GO Transit bridge at mile 8.8 of the Bala Subdivision on July 24, 2014 (left) and Sep. 5, 2016 (right) after modern two-column piers, which did not exist earlier, were installed at both ends of the bridge. Does the new steel-concrete pier on the right photo look trustier than a wood frame of a few old rotten planks joined together by bolts, which likely rusted through over the century (within periodically wet wood), on the left photo? Is the bridge now safer for passengers traveling on VIA Rail and GO Transit trains? Could a (fatal) accident happen at this bridge if it was not recently repaired? Is the chance of such an accident lower or higher now?

The repair and rehabilitation of the CN bridges over the East Don River and East Don Trail are still underway in September 2021. It appeared that the projects, which were initiated after the outcomes of Shipilov’s work were taken into consideration and which required building access to the bridges for heavy equipment (including excavators and crawler cranes), allowed/helped the City of Toronto to complete in November 2020 Phase 2 of the East Don Trail that connected the existing East Don Trail at Wynford Heights in the West to Wigmore Park in the East. Now, the City of Toronto plans to stitch together several fragmented pieces of the trail to form a 16 km continuous multi-use path following the Gatineau hydro corridor east, all
the way to the Rouge National Urban Park by the Toronto Zoo.

 

It was one of those rare cases demonstrating that municipalities and government officials can sometimes listen to experts and act in the public’s interests when the crumbling infrastructure represents a danger to people’s lives and health. It allows hoping there could be other similar cases. On the other hand, the fact that the international rank of Canada, the ninth-largest economy in the world, in the overall infrastructure quality dropped from 10th place in 2008 to 26th in 2019, while the quality of roads dropped from 10th place in the world to 31st, and no attempt has been made in these years to stop or at least slow the nation’s infrastructure deterioration down makes the hope infinitesimal.

Addendum
 

Really, what has been done in the last two decades to improve the quickly deteriorating infrastructure except for promises to fix all the problems in the coming few years, followed by spending tens of billions of dollars on some injudicious activities? For example, in Toronto, such activities traditionally include: 

  • Partial painting and repainting all-year-round numerous rusted structures often without proper surface preparation. Why would the City not paint the rusted sill shown in Figure 1 on the right? (Note: In 2011, Shipilov was asked a similar question by the then Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in the hope that completely rusted steel structures of the Port of Duluth-Superior could be just painted to stop their further deterioration.)

  • Filling 120,000+ potholes on city roads every spring with asphalt that would stay there for a couple of weeks at best. These “repaired” potholes, which most drivers will never see, represent the minor portion of existing potholes, some meaningless fraction of 1%. The actions are widely covered on TV because they occur under the mayor’s watch. Although the shovels are not the most modern and advanced equipment the City (with a nearly $15 billion operating budget) can afford, they are good enough to create some semblance of city-wide activity for little money. (Note: To justify its worthlessness, the City made up and published on its website a “natural” theory of the appearance of potholes, which has no relation to actual causes but explains well, according to the City, that having the millions of potholes on city roads is normal and the problem cannot be avoided.)

  • Repairing 1,400+ water main breaks every year that require closing streets, making traffic even more complicated in the country’s most overpopulated city, increasing the number of car accidents, and causing a further rise in the already one of the highest car insurance rates in the country. What kind of repair is this, which needs to be repeated every year? It is worth noting that the enormous number of water main breaks is only the tip of the iceberg. In Toronto, because of the “leaky and broken pipes,” at least 40% of drinking water (or 28 gals per capita per day) is pumped into the ground. Why does the City need to fix the problem if it can force Torontonians to pay for water that never reaches their houses?

The three examples, like thousands of others, show that when at the request of municipalities, “responsible engineers” and other “professional engineers” alike are involved instead of subject matter experts, the very best intentions and all attempts to keep the infrastructure reasonably acceptable (using shovels, duct tape, nails, glue, and a few paint cans) typically verge on the ridiculous. The major problem with keeping the infrastructure safe is that such engineers might know how to do this or that job but not always know what exactly should be done this time.

Several essential points that need to be kept in mind are:

  • All listed outdated 1960s-era activities are the only what Toronto’s leadership knows since their childhood. It is precisely how all cities around the globe dealt in those years with rare incidents in relatively new infrastructure, most of which was built shortly after WW2.

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Top: The partially repainted CPR Bridge over Eglinton Ave., east of Leslie St., July 2022. Some paint was placed directly on the rusted surface. Middle: City of Toronto workers are just curious how many
shovels of asphalt are enough to fill this pothole on Queens Quay near Yonge St. in 2018. Photo: Toronto Star. Bottom: An SUV sitting
in a vast sinkhole caused by a water main break near Sheppard Ave.
East and Warden Ave. in August 2014 cannot surprise a Torontonian.
Photo: CityNews/Bert Dandy.

  • As a result of the ongoing negligence, every family in Canada loses an estimated $3,400 a year due to the nation’s poor transportation infrastructure. On top of it, an average family in Canada loses more money because of corrosion (nearly $5,000), the primary driving force of the deterioration of physical infrastructure and assets, than spends on gasoline ($2,200) and property tax (e.g., $2,300 like in Ontario) combined. At the same time, the country’s infrastructure quality could be tremendously improved without much effort and expense; up to one-third of the $8,400 per family could be easily saved only if the government showed interest and decided to do so.

  • It's evident that the current practice of renewing and repairing the infrastructure by patching potholes and cracks, repainting collapsing bridges, hiding broken structures behind bushes, premature and unreasonable replacing of slightly deteriorated infrastructure that could be easily repaired, etc., needs to be fundamentally changed.

  • The outdated and ancient technologies still employed by most, if not all, municipalities cannot work now when the problem called “infrastructure deterioration” and the number of serious accidents, including when people are hurt because of a bridge collapse or the environment is contaminated after an oil pipeline rupture, is snowballing into a crisis very rapidly. In other words, the municipalities have to stop doing the wrong things for the right reasons and start listening to knowledgeable and highly qualified experts.

  • Without science-based efforts and implementation of the novel and most advanced structural materials and technologies, some of which are unavailable and need to be designed and developed, the infrastructure’s deterioration will not stop; this infrastructure, which crumbles much quicker than fixed, will create only more danger to the public year after year after year. Infrastructure deterioration will not stop even if the government decides to properly—what will never happen—spend tens of billions of dollars, which it promises to invest (traditionally without proper planning and knowing what should be done) in infrastructure rehabilitation. As Einstein once said, “We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used to create them;” our governments are changed every few years but keep thinking and acting like in the previous century.

  • One day, the government and the City of Toronto, like other municipalities, will have to call for qualified experts, including (highly paid) world-renowned scientists and world-class experts, who know and can determine what and how should be done first, second, and so on. Only after that the various “responsible engineers” and “other professional engineers”—who are trained, for example, on how to patch a hole in a broken water main but do not know how to prevent the following tens of thousands of water main breaks, occurring across the country every single year—could be called in to do the routine technical but truly needed work recommended based on solid science and engineering.

  • Neither severely rusted engineering structures (including railway and highway bridges), potholes on roads, nor water main breaks should exist at such scales in the 21st century. Today’s science and technology, including fundamental achievements in studying and preventing materials degradation and corrosion, allows controlling and keeping much of the infrastructure in good shape and, more importantly, safe.

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